What Does It Mean To Be Supernatural?

Image from clipartpanda.com

Halloween is coming up, and popular culture is being filled its annual dose of references to the supernatural (including the recent season premier of the show Supernatural, which is probably not a coincidence). Ghosts, monsters, black magic, vampires, witches, and others all fall under this umbrella of “the supernatural.”

But what does it mean to be supernatural?

My dictionary defines “supernatural” as “(of a manifestation or event) attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature.”

Being beyond scientific understanding is actually very mundane. Most of the way the brain works is beyond our current scientific understanding, but no serious researcher is throwing up his or her arms and declaring it supernatural. The relationship between mass and energy was beyond scientific understanding until Albert Einstein figured it out. The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts were beyond scientific understanding until Lynn Margulis figured it out. Every issue of every scientific journal is filled with things that were beyond the understanding of science just a year or so prior. This is not what people mean when they say that something is supernatural. They mean the second thing — beyond the laws of nature. The word supernatural literally means “above nature,” or, more figuratively, outside or separate from nature.

But what is nature and what are its laws?

Consulting my dictionary once again, “nature” is defined as “the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.” And once again, my dictionary fails to provide a completely cogent or useful definition. If humans and our creations are not natural, does that mean that the computer I’m writing on is supernatural? Again, no one would reasonably make this claim. The first part of this definition, “the phenomena of the physical world collectively,” is actually pretty good as it is. Nature, or the physical world, is made up of two things: matter and energy, which Einstein showed us are the same thing. Nature is everything that exists. It is all of the animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and all of the rest of life. It is all of the rocks and minerals and water and air. Even humans, which are animals, are part of nature. Everything beyond our planet is part of the natural world, as well. All of the undiscovered types and forms of matter and energy are part of nature. Every answer to an empirical question is part of nature, and it is the job of scientists to discover nature as it exists.

Are ghosts real? This is an empirical question because the answer is not subject to ideology or personal preference. It’s not possible for ghosts to be real for me but not real for someone else, any more than  the statement “the earth’s atmosphere is 78% nitrogen” can be real for me but not real for someone else. Correct answers to empirical questions are correct whether you like it or not. Likewise, either ghosts are real or they are not. If they are real, they are part of nature, and are therefore natural phenomenon. It may come as a surprise to people that, if ghosts are real, it will be scientists who discover them. This is true of everything else that is commonly labeled as “supernatural.” If everything that exists is part of nature, then what does that mean? If something is truly supernatural, it doesn’t exist.

Have a topic you want me to cover? Let me know in the comments or on twitter @CGEppig. Follow me in Facebook.

Advertisement

Darwin Didn’t

To commemorate Darwin Day (February 12), I thought I’d talk a little bit about Charles Darwin (1809-1882); perhaps the most important biologist ever to live. More to the point, I’d like to dispel the myth that he discovered evolution.

Charles Darwin. Image from http://www.wikimedia.org

Evolution is the phenomenon that species, or individual populations of species, change over time. A more textbook definition of evolution is “a change in the frequency of traits or genes in a population over time.” The truth is that many scientists before Charles Darwin knew that life had changed over time. They knew about the fossil record and about selective breeding of animals to produce certain traits, and could see rather plainly that evolution had occurred.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), the grandfather of Charles, dabbled in evolutionary theory himself. Convinced as he was that evolution was real (like many intellectuals of the day), he had the motto “e conchis omnia” (“everything from seashells”) painted on the side of his carriage. This reflected a primitive understanding of evolution that all life evolved from simpler forms. All life did, of course, all evolve from more primitive life, but it is not all descended from shellfish.

Painting of Erasmus Darwin by Joseph Wright. Image from http://www.wikimedia.org

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) was an early evolutionary theorist who is perhaps most famous for getting it wrong. He knew about evolution, but he didn’t know how it happened. His hypothesis for evolution was the inheritance of acquired traits. For example, if a naturally slight person lifts a lot of weights and gets very strong, his or her children would inherit those big muscles. In evolutionary terms, if a horse is constantly stretching its neck up to reach high branches, its offspring will inherit a slightly longer neck. After many generations the descendants of the original horse have evolved into giraffes. This was a good try, but it turned out not to be true.

Portait of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck by Jules Pizzetta. Image from http://www.wikimedia.org

My point here is not to summarize the history of evolutionary thought, which goes back as far as the ancient Greeks, but just to show that many people were pretty sure of evolution before Charles Darwin came along. Charles Darwin’s big accomplishment was not discovering that evolution happens, but discovering the primary mechanism through which it occurs: natural selection. This stands today as one of the most important discoveries ever made.

Natural selection is the phenomenon that organisms which are better suited to their environment than other members of their species (and members of other species, as well) will survive better and reproduce more. They will pass these traits (which are based on genes) that allow them to succeed on to their offspring, and these traits will increase in frequency over time as a result. For example, the Thompson’s Gazelle is one of the fastest land animals in the world. Slower gazelles will be the first to become dinner for cheetahs. Faster gazelles will survive better and therefore leave more surviving offspring in subsequent generations. The offspring of the fastest gazelles are likely to be fast themselves because aspects of speed will be inherited from their parents. This results in a change in the frequency of traits and genes in a population/species over time. There are two key differences between this and Lamarck’s idea: First is where the variation comes from — Lamarck believed that the variation in traits was acquired, whereas natural selection relies on existing variation based on inherited genes. Second is that Lamarck did not comment on differences in survival or reproduction, which Darwin’s idea rests heavily on.

Cheetah chasing a gazelle. Image from http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02335/cheetah-gazelle_2335857k.jpg

It is important to make the distinction between evolution and natural selection, because natural selection is only one way that evolution can occur, albeit the primary mechanism. Broadly speaking, the other mechanism of evolution is called “genetic drift.” Genetic drift is any change in the frequency of traits or genes in a population that is not due to natural selection — rather, it is due to random chance. For example, a natural disaster such as a meteor strike could kill all of the organisms in a particular area. If, through random chance, there happened to be more individuals with, for example, longer fur in the area hit by the meteor, then the population has changed — the frequency of the short-fur trait has increased. Unlike natural selection, survivorship is due to random chance as opposed to favorable traits. Also unlike natural selection, this change could just as easily have gone in the opposite direction, and the same change will not persist in subsequent generations. Genetic drift cannot produce complex traits the way natural selection can. When we talk about evolution, we are almost always talking about natural selection, but it is important to make the distinction.

In 1859, Charles Darwin published his famous book, On the Origin of Species — book of over a thousand pages which he described as “an abstract” for his opus magnum, which, sadly, he never finished. Darwin’s work was meticulous and, as a result, biologists and other scientists around the world quickly realized that he was right. The theory of evolution by natural selection became the unifying theory of biology, prompting Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) to note that, “nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution [by natural selection].”

I will leave you with what has become the most famous passage from On the Origin of Species:

“It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”

– Charles Darwin, from “On the Origin of Species” first edition, 1859.

Have a topic that you want me to cover? Let me know in the comments section.

Follow me on twitter @CGEppig